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J Jacobins, n.pl.; Fr. (1) A liberal political group in 1789. (2) Dominicans before the French Revolution in Paris who were sympathetic to the liberalism of the political group. (3) In the singular the title of any liberal. Jahweh (yar-vay), n.; Heb. Also Jahveh. The sacred name of God as used by the Jews, and the correct pronunciation of the name which was often mistakenly pronounced Jehovah. Jansenism, n.; Fr. A heresy which denied the freedom of the will and the possibility of resisting divine grace; it also was intended to be a reform of the Church from within; it arose in the first part of the seventeenth century at Ypres, France, from the religious system of Cornelius Jansen. Jeremias, n.; Heb.; Bib. The prophet and author of the book of prophecies and lamentation bearing his name and found in the Old Testament. Jeronymites, n. pl.; Gr. In the Middle Ages, the name given to various groups of religious men who classed themselves as the hermits of St. Jerome and followed the example of St. Jerome in seeking solitude. Jerusalem, n.; Heb.; Bib. A city in Palestine, the center of Jewish political and religious life; it was there that Christ suffered and died. The site of the holy places; the ancient city of the Jews. Jesse-window, n.; Heb. A window of stained glass on which is pictured the geneological tree of our Lord. Jesus , n.; Heb., Gr. The name which in Hebrew means "The Lord is Help or Salvation." The name announced to the Blessed Virgin by the angel at the Annunciation and given to God the Son upon becoming man. He is truly God, having one and the same nature with God the Father from all eternity. Jews, n.pl.; Heb., Gr. The descendants of Jacob; the people chosen by God to receive His revelation; Israelites. Job (jobe), n.; Heb.; Bib. A character in the book of the same name found in the Old Testament of the Bible; one known to have had great patience in affliction and great trust in the goodness of God. Joel, n.; Heb.; Bib. The prophet and author of a book of the Bible, the first of the prophets of Juda. Jonas, n.; Heb.; Bib. A prophet of Israel who was sent to preach to the Gentiles; the book of the Old Testament recording his prophecies. Joseph (Saint) (jo-zef), n.; Heb. The husband of the Blessed Virgin and the foster father of our Lord. St. Joseph is patron of the dying and of workers among his many patronages. Josephinism, n.; Heb. The name applied to the erroneous belief and practice of the eighteenth century advocating in the principle that the State is completely supreme over the Church, controlling it for the good of all. (Cf. Erastianism, Gallicanism.) Joshua, n.; Heb.; Bib, The Hebrew name of Josue as used in Protestant versions of the Bible. Josue, n.; Heb.; Bib. The leader of the Israelites after Moses; a book of the Old Testament is named after him. Jube, n.; Fr. The French name for the grill or choir-screen. (Cf. Grill.) Jubilate (yoo-bill-ar-tay), n.; L. Literally: shout for joy. Name of the third Sunday after Easter, so named from the first word of the introit of the Mass of that Sunday. Jubilee, n.; Heb., Gr., L. (1) A time of joy and celebration. (2) In the Jewish, religion it was the fiftieth year, according to the Levitical Law, which was to be the year of jubilee; the land was to rest, all slaves were to go free, and land and houses in the open country were to revert to the original owners. (3) In the Church a year of jubilee has been adopted as a year of remission from the penal consequences of sin for the faithful, providing they perform certain pious works to gain a plenary indulgence and fulfill conditions of repentance. This jubilee year in the Church is held every twenty-fifth year at Rome, lasting from Christmas to Christmas and is held for the rest of the Church during the following year between the same dates; it may be proclaimed at other times also. Jubilee (indulgence), n.; Heb., dr., L. A plenary indulgence granted for the time of the Holy Year, or the year of jubilee. It is of a solemn character and attached to certain privileges and special faculties for absolution from reserved cases. Jubilus, n.; Heb., Gr., L. The notation to which is sung the final "a" of the second and third alleluias after the gradual of the Mass; a long, melodious group of notes for chanting. Juda, n.; Heb. (1) The son of Jacob. (2) A kingdom in southern Palestine in ancient times. Judgment, n.; L. (1) An act of the intellect which compares two ideas and determines whether or not they agree or disagree. It is called a moral judgment when the intellectual act is concerned with the goodness or badness of an action. (2) The passing of sentence by a judge. (3) General— This will take place when Christ will judge all men; the last day when all men will be judged and rewarded with heaven or hell. The manner of this judgment is not known nor the place where it will occur, but theologians hold that the minds of men will be enlightened by God to see their faults and that the sins of all will be declared that God's justice and mercy may be seen. A sentence will be given to each person. The Last Judgment. (4) Particular— The judgment by God of the soul of man immediately after death; the judgment which will declare the soul blessed or damned or confined to Purgatory for a length of time. It is called the particular judgment, but this merely indicates that it will be the individual judgment of the soul by God immediately after death. Judges, n.pl.; L.; Bib. A book of the Old Testament, probably written by the prophet Samuel, relating the history of the governing of Israel by the Judges. Judges (Synodal), n. pi.; Gr., L. Judges appointed by the bishop in synod to decide cases in the diocesan court; if they are appointed outside a synod, they are called pro- synodal judges. Their number should not exceed twelve in any diocese. Judica Psalm, (yoo-dikka) n.; L. Psalm 42 said at the beginning of all Traditional Latin Masses, except requiem Masses and those said in Passiontide. Judith, n.; Heb.; Bib. A historical book of the Old Testament, not found in Protestant versions of the Bible. Judith was a widow who killed Holofernes in order to save the city of Bethulia. Jurisdiction, n.; L., O.Fr. Jurisdiction in the Church means primarily the public power of the Church to govern the faithful and to direct them to the supernatural end of the Church; it is primarily a power over persons, and secondarily over things; as such it may be exercised in either the internal or external forum. The power of administration attached by ecclesiastical law itself to some position or office. Jurisdiction may be delegated with limitations of time and broadness of power to another person who is competent of receiving it. (Cf. Forum.) Justice, n.; L. In its broadest sense the aggregate of all su- pernatural virtues or the perfection of every virtue; this is the sense used in the saying "Joseph was just." Justice in its particular sense means the virtue moving us to give to each person his due or his right. It is a cardinal virtue. Justification, n.; L. The sanctification of the soul of man by God's grace which elevates; the perfection of the soul; it normally begins with the grace of faith which leads to repentance. This grace is not merited and assists the free will to dispose itself to the acquiring of perfection, but in adults acts of cooperation such as contrition, faith, etc., are necessary. It is the regaining of sanctifying grace by a soul; the regaining of the friendship of God; having the state of never having lost sanctifying grace.